![]() Both axes display distance (km) from the storm center. The storm track and shear magnitudes are 3 and 5.2 m s −1, respectively. Vectors for the storm track ( T) and environmental wind shear ( S) are shown. HIWRAP radar 2-km reflectivity at the outer primary 1 analysis time (see Table 1). The second red vertical line is the radius of secondary maximum axisymmetric tangential wind associated with the outer eyewall. 6, but with TA radar data for inner primary 2. Upward motion (pink) is contoured at +2 and +4 m s −1, and downward motion (gray) is contoured at −1 and −3 m s −1.Īs in Fig. 5, but with TA radar data for inner primary 2. The storm track and shear magnitudes are 5 and 4.4 m s −1, respectively.Īs in Fig. 4, but with TA radar data for inner primary 2. The plot is divided into the shear-relative quadrants.Īs in Fig. The red vertical line marks the radius of maximum axisymmetric tangential wind in the same altitudinal average. Values are averaged terms between 0- and 2-km altitude. Sum of tangential momentum advective tendency terms over selected radii and all azimuths at the inner primary 1 analysis time. Approximate radial ranges of the inner eyewall (IE) and outer eyewall (OE) are marked. Upward motion (pink) is contoured at +1 and +3 m s −1, and downward motion (gray) is contoured at −1 and −3 m s −1. Vertical velocity is shown in pink and gray contours. Reflectivity contours (dB Z) are in black. Radial velocity is shown in the filled contours, where negative values indicate flow toward the storm center. LF radar reflectivity is also shown at (c) 1114 and (d) 1218 UTC 16 Oct.Īveraged vertical cross sections of winds and reflectivity for the wind shear–relative quadrants at the inner primary 1 analysis time. The storm track and shear magnitudes are 4 and 6.6 m s −1, respectively. TA radar 2-km reflectivity for the inner primary 1 analysis time, which is at (a) 1117 and (b) 1225 UTC 16 Oct. Dotted lines represent locations of large uncertainty in the wind analysis. USAF (red) flight level winds are at the 700-hPa level. ![]() P3 (black) and HIWRAP (blue) winds are averaged over the 2.5–3-km altitudes. Images are from the Naval Research Laboratory Monterey Tropical Cyclones webpage ( ).Īzimuthally averaged tangential winds for each aircraft mission. Panel (e) is 89-GHz imagery from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2). All panels except (e) are 91-GHz imagery from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS). Microwave imagery of brightness temperatures of Hurricane Gonzalo taken at (a) 0926 UTC 15 Oct, (b) 1235 UTC 15 Oct, (c) 2043 UTC 15 Oct, (d) 1129 UTC 16 Oct, (e) 1617 UTC 16 Oct, and (f) 2341 UTC 16 Oct. Red is for the NOAA P3 (TA radar), blue is for the NASA WB-57 (HIWRAP radar), and green is for the USAF C-130. Vertical lines mark the investigation times for the various aircraft. (b) Central pressure and maximum wind speed throughout the lifetime of Gonzalo. The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale category is also indicated in color. (a) Best track of Hurricane Gonzalo from the National Hurricane Center with dates (UTC) in October 2014 marked.
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